Indiana State Stone

Limestone

(Calcium carbonate)

Adopted on March 1, 1971

Limestone, Calcium carbonate, was adopted on March 1, 1971 as the Indiana State Stone.

Limestone is a sedimentary rocks made up of layers of silt, small pieces of other rocks, and sometimes the skeletons of tiny creatures. In the middle of the Ordovician period, the first coral reefs appeared. Reefs existed earlier, during the Cambrian, but they were built by sponges and other organisms. The corals joined pre-existing groups of invertebrates, including trilobites, bivalve mollusks (similar to clams and oysters), snails, and cephalopods (mollusks related to today's nautilus, cuttlefish, octopus, and squid). Brachiopods were also abundant and diverse. Brachiopods have bivalve shells, but are not mollusks. The two halves of their shells are not symmetrical. They persist today, but are rare. Most died out during a mass extinction at the end of the Permian period (230 million years ago), when the shallow seas that had covered much of the continents began to retreat. The first fishes had just begun to appear in the Ordovician, but would not dominate the seas until the Silurian and Devonian periods.

In much of eastern North America, calcium carbonate sediment accumulated in the warm, shallow continental seas and eventually compacted into limestone. Then, around 300 million years ago, the continents began to converge into the supercontinent Pangaea. The force of the long, slow collision between Africa and North America buckled most of eastern North America into a long, folded ridge, the Appalachians. The Ordovician limestones in eastern Tennessee were pushed into long, narrow, northeast-southwest folds.

There are three basic types of rocks: sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic.

Sedimentary rocks are made up of layers of silt, small pieces of other rocks, and sometimes the skeletons of tiny creatures. One example of a sedimentary rock is the chalk you use at school. Another example is limestone, one of Tennessee's state rocks. The rocks you see inside caves are made of limestone. The Grand Canyon is made up of sandstone, limestone, and shale that have been eroded by the Colorado River to form the Canyon as it is today.

Igneous rocks started as molten magma or lava and then cooled to become rock. Coarse grained rocks are formed when the lava cools slowly and fine grained rocks from when it cools faster. Some examples of igneous rocks are granite and peridotite. The Hawaiian islands are made of cooled volcanic lava called basalt. One of the most popular igneous rocks is an Apache Tear.

Metamorphic rocks are rocks that have been changed by heat or pressure while forming. Sedimentary and igneous rocks can become metamorphic rock. Slate is used in blackboards, talc in talcum power, and soapstone for carving.

  About   Site Map   Privacy Policy